The damage dealt in combat is calculated as follows: number of creatures attacking * (a random number within the range from the minimum to the maximum damage of a single creature) * the difference coefficient between the attacker's and defender's attack and defense stats. This coefficient is calculated as follows: a) If the difference between the attacker's attack and the defender's defense is positive: 1 + (the minimum of (attack - defense) * 5% and 300%). b) If the difference between the attacker's attack and the defender's defense is negative: 1 - (the minimum of (defense - attack) * 2.5% and 70%). It's easy to see that when the attack exceeds the defense by more than 60, the damage no longer increases, and when the defense exceeds the attack by more than 28, the damage no longer decreases. But that's not all. After these calculations, other factors come into play: hero magic and skills (attack and defense/armor). Attack increases damage: - Basic: 10% - Advanced: 20% - Expert: 30% Defense reduces damage: - Basic: 5% - Advanced: 10% - Expert: 15% Regarding spells, the Shield spell reduces damage. By 15% with basic Earth magic, by 30% with advanced Earth magic, and by 30% for all non-immune units with expert Earth magic. Plus, there are heroes who specialize in attack (e.g., Crag Hack, Gundula - attack, Neela, Mephala, Tazar - defense), the Ranged skill, spells that increase attack and decrease defense, and vice versa, but someone else will tell you about this and much more. In conclusion, I'll say that when attacking, monsters reduce the defender's defense by 40%, and ancient monsters reduce it by 80%. That's why they say that the white bear came and said, "Hello!"