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Yes, but you need a well-developed castle that shoots well and is also guarded by your own powerful unit. The initial castle in 95% of cases is not suitable for this; usually, there are no mage guilds, the walls are not built, and there are few buildings. And if it has trolls, it might be very difficult because all the shots from the castle might miss. Here, you need a combination of a warlock before the castle with lightning and spell power 5 or higher, casting 2-3 spells and running away + a powerful unit behind the castle wall.
The situation regarding defense against a barbarian in the castle is considered slightly different. It often works if there are no trolls and the castle shoots well. Let's say a barbarian attacks with 20 chiefs, 20 wolves, 60 goblins, and 10 ogres against our knight with 15 rangers, 12 pikemen, and, say, 25 dug-out hobbits. We sit in the castle and don't stick our heads out. The chiefs shoot poorly, and they break through the wall very badly.