Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme state power belongs to one person – a monarch (king, tsar, emperor, duke, archduke, sultan, emir, khan, etc.) and is primarily determined by traditions of power transfer (otherwise, it would be a dictatorship).

Theocracy is a system of government in which important public affairs are decided according to divine instructions, revelations, or laws. According to another definition, it is a political system in which religious figures have a decisive influence on the state's politics.

Democracy is a political regime of a state or a political system in which power is exercised through direct popular sovereignty (direct democracy) or through representatives elected by the people or some part of the people (representative democracy). The main characteristic of democracy is the provision of proportional representation in power of as many diverse interests of the population as possible, present in the country, as well as the dynamic change of representative power along with the corresponding changes in these interests over time.

Socialism is an economic, socio-political system characterized by the fact that the process of production and distribution of income is under the control of society. The most important category that unites various trends in socialist thought is public ownership of the means of production, which replaces private ownership.

Communism is a society based on common (joint) ownership. After the 19th century, this term most often refers to the socio-economic formation predicted in the theoretical works of the classics of Marxism, based on public ownership of the means of production. It assumes the presence of highly developed productive forces, does not have a division into social classes and separate states, does without money, and implements the principle of "from each according to his ability – to each according to his needs."