Is that clear?
Is that clear?
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To do this, you need to give him a command to control the computer mouse (press buttons with the prosthesis).
Scientists have created a nanomaterial 10,000 times thinner than a sheet of paper and placed 10 million transistors on it.
HIGGS FIELD -- in quantum field theory, a hypothetical scalar field that interacts with gauge fields without violating the gauge symmetry of the field equations: proposed by P. Higgs (UK) in 1964. It is assumed that in the main (lowest) energy state, which corresponds to the physical vacuum, the average value of the Higgs field is different from zero, which leads to spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry of the physical states of the described system (see SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING). In this case, particles corresponding to gauge fields can acquire mass. Interaction with the vacuum Higgs field can also serve as a mechanism for the emergence of mass for leptons and quarks.
The description can be found here: http://elementy.ru/LHC/LHC/tasks/higgs/production_decay As far as I understand, all these processes were tested in the LHC in one way or another. With a certain probability, they all occur during the collision of protons, and then it's just a matter of properly tuning the detector to detect one or another reaction.
When the experiment was just beginning, the main question was whether the protons had enough energy to produce the Higgs boson, because people had only a rough idea of its mass. The collision energy of particles in the center-of-mass system at the LHC was 7 TeV, and then it was increased to eight, which ensured the ability to detect a particle with a mass of up to 1 TeV -- a clearly good result! The heaviest discovered particle (the top quark) with a mass of 173 GeV is easily detected on this device, as are all other particles. As a result, the mass of the Higgs after measurements was found to be around 125 GeV. Not a little, but the capabilities of the LHC were more than sufficient.
In the previous link, you can also see graphs corresponding to the decay of the Higgs boson. They are important, because what to do with the Higgs boson itself after its birth is completely unclear. The algorithm is to wait for it to decay (and it will take a very, very short time, namely 3·10^(–21) seconds) into two other particles, you will probably have to wait a little for them too, and then we will already fix some electrons or photons (photons can be direct products of the decay of the Higgs boson, from this point of view they are especially convenient).
This is how (schematically) the decay of the Higgs boson into a pair of Z bosons looks like:
The Z boson, in turn, will decay into a pair of electrons (green lines in the figure), and the second such boson into muons (red lines). This scheme was studied in the CMS channel.
In general, there are several channels at the LHC, including the one mentioned. Statistics on them were collected on this site: http://elementy.ru/LHC/LHC_results/higgs_study I recommend taking a look, there are several decay schemes of the Higgs boson, as well as statistical errors, there are several beautiful pictures related to this.
By the way, some of the pictures are funny. Here is this one, for example:
Here you can see that two points out of eleven, even taking into account the theoretical errors on them, do not want to correspond to the average value. But, as they say, if the point does not fall on the curve, then it's worse for the point.
I hope this modest material is useful here ;)
Absolutely analogously, it is possible to introduce gauge transformations of a more complex type, responsible for invariance in a more complex space of internal degrees of freedom. For example, invariance with respect to rotations of quarks in color space leads to the fact that strong interactions can also be described as gauge fields. It is not possible to describe weak interactions separately as gauge interactions, however, there is an unexpectedly elegant method of describing electromagnetic and weak interactions simultaneously as two different manifestations of a certain gauge electroweak field.
Thus, it turns out that all fundamental interactions are derived on the basis of gauge invariance. From the point of view of constructing a physical theory, this is an extremely economical and successful scheme.
Gravitational interaction stands apart. It also turns out to be a gauge field, and general relativity is precisely the gauge theory of gravitational interaction. However, it is formulated, firstly, not at the quantum level, and it is still unclear how to quantize it, and secondly, the space in which we perform rotations is our usual four-dimensional space-time, and not an internal space of symmetry of interaction.
Information from wiki