Posts from [PROJECT] History Lessons

The Scots were staunch supporters of Catholicism. It is not surprising that King Charles I, being a descendant of the King of Scotland, James, granted such privileges to the Catholic Church. Protestantism in Scotland did not enjoy significant authority for a long time.

Hmm, thanks, but I need information more about national characteristics: for example, I know that in Scotland, the characteristics are: kilts, bagpipes. In Ireland: log throwing (there was a sport like that). And what else?

Irish dancing... By the way, bagpipes are also used there for musical accompaniment.

Scots are ardent supporters of Catholicism. It is no wonder that King Charles I, being a descendant of King James of Scotland, granted such privileges to the Catholic Church. Protestantism did not enjoy particular authority in Scotland for a long time.

Yes, but it was precisely in Scotland that such a moderate current of Puritanism as Presbyterianism was "founded." The founder was John Knox, a student of Jean Calvin. The main requirement was the replacement of bishops with elected presbyters. In 1592, Presbyterianism was recognized as the state religion of Scotland, although it had enjoyed great popularity long before then.

In England, however, this current gained its strength only with the start of the revolution. And even though they were moderate monarchists, from the point of view of religion specifically, they were for a "cheap church," i.e., Protestants.

Was it a game or not? I've heard that Fomenko made it up, that it never happened. So, history professors read Fomenko's works, right? Then why, after the Battle of Kulikovo, did the Russians and Tatars exchange embassies and sit down to drink together?

Even in Ireland, there is a love for ale. Their symbol, Saint Patrick, is a respectable drunkard. As for the yoke. It depends on what you consider a yoke. In the traditional sense, it is the control of one state over another in all spheres, the use of its resources. There was no such yoke. Based on the available information, it was rather a military-political alliance. The Horde provided military force to protect the joint state, and Rus' provided funds for its maintenance. The Battle of Kulikovo is essentially the following: one of the participants in the alliance (Dmitry) supported the second participant (Tokhtamysh) against the usurper (Mamai). Everything is logical here.

Yeah, and Islam started spreading somewhere within the Stronghold. And the Orthodox Church didn't like that very much. Because as long as the Tatars were pagans, they respected the local cults (churches). Like, you have your own gods, and we have ours. Even the legendary Peresvet, it seems, was from the church.
And the yoke was only for the elite; they had to travel to get a label for the principality every time... And it was expensive (so many bribes) and humiliating.

Before Islam, several religions were widely practiced among the Mongols, the most famous of which were Bon, Tengriism, and Christianity in the form of Nestorianism. And this arrangement was perfectly acceptable to the Mongols themselves. The adoption of Islam primarily affected the descendants of Genghis Khan. According to the Yassa of Genghis Khan, they were not allowed to adopt any religion other than the cult of Heaven. And those who remained faithful to the law were killed. Islamization caused much greater damage to the Horde itself. But even after adopting Islam, the Mongols remained tolerant of Orthodoxy. There was an Orthodox diocese in Sarai. Therefore, the Russian Church was largely indifferent. But Orthodoxy became the unifying idea. That is, all Russians are Orthodox. A baptized Mongol is also a Russian.

The question is actually debatable... and there are many points of view. In Soviet times, there seemed to be a clear negative stance. And now, even the teachers sometimes hesitate to give an assessment.
If there were allied relations, then who were the Mongols protecting Rus' from?

The Mongols defended Rus' from the Germans, Lithuanians, and Poles. For example, there is a known fact: Alexander Nevsky formed an alliance with the Golden Horde (he was also a blood brother to Sartak, the son of Batu Khan). After Alexander's death, a knightly army approached Novgorod. The Mongols sent a small detachment there. The Germans, learning that the Mongols were in Novgorod, turned back and left.
Furthermore, the Mongols also defended Rus' from Timur, albeit less successfully, but nevertheless, they prevented him from causing significant damage.
So, the Mongols fully fulfilled their defensive function.

Yes, it was developed by the Germans.

Unfortunately, I haven't dealt with this issue, and I don't know much about allied relations specifically... We were taught in a rather scholastic and academic way, as if it were a one-sided game. Well, I don't know... in general, I'm not inclined to consider the Mongols as allies. There were, of course, some positive aspects, but IMHO, there was no alliance.

“Union” is not entirely the correct word. It was more like a relationship between a vassal and a suzerain. However, the vassal enjoyed complete autonomy in almost all areas of life. But the most interesting thing happened later, when the disparate khanates recognized Moscow’s right to unite the empire of Genghis Khan. Perhaps the fraternal relationship between Alexander Nevsky and Sartak played a role here; by the way, Sartak was a Christian.