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Appealing and simply manipulating people are completely different things, and you know that. But what's the point of manipulating people who are already under his control? He is a king. Even more than that. In Egypt, pharaohs were considered gods. So why would he complicate things for himself, to his own detriment? Hmm?:) You are wrong to think that people of the past were complete fools. I don't remember exactly where I heard it, but I really liked this verse: "They say that our ancestors were not people, but puppets." I disagree with this statement. Our ancestors were people, and they also pondered the meaning of life, the purpose of man in the world, and whether their religion was true. I don't know what the pharaoh was thinking, but it seems that after much thought, he came to the conclusion that there is only one God (notice how insightful the pharaoh was;)). And he shared his IMHO with the world. It didn't work out. As a result, he played the role of that very Muhais, but in reverse. This is just as much a hypothesis as Saruman's statement about the Absolute. You wouldn't call Saruman just another person trying to "grab a piece of the pie" at the expense of religion, would you?:D Saruman is a thinking person, like any other, and in his reflections, he came to the conclusion that the universe was created by the Absolute, while still being a believer. Similarly, the pharaoh, being a follower of the religion of ancient Egypt, came to his own, correct, in his opinion, conclusion about God; he simply had more opportunities to share his interpretation with the masses.