Roger DAltavilla
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Darkevich V.P. A Journey to Ancient Ryazan. – Ryazan: Novoe Vremya, 1993. – Pp. 245-247.
"Our expedition conducted systematic excavations of mass graves of victims of the Mongol invasion in 1977–1979 in the lowlands near the Oka River and near the former Sterligov estate house on the southern outskirts of the village of Fatyanovka.
The study of anthropological materials showed that out of 143 excavated burials, most belonged to men aged 30 to 40 and women aged 30 to 35. There were many children's burials, from infants to 6–10 years old. These were the inhabitants of Ryazan, whom the conquerors exterminated en masse, many of them after the city was captured. The young men, girls, and young women who survived were probably divided among the soldiers. The skeleton of a pregnant woman was found; a man killed her while holding a small child close to his chest. Some of the skeletons have fractured skulls, and the bones show traces of saber blows, with severed wrists. There were many separate skulls. Arrowheads were stuck in the bones. The inhabitants of cities that offered stubborn resistance faced cruel retribution. With the exception of artisans and those enslaved, the rest of the prisoners were hacked to death with an ax or a double-edged cleaver. Mass executions were carried out methodically and coldly: the condemned were divided among the centurions, who in turn assigned each slave to kill at least ten people. According to the chronicles, after the fall of Ryazan, men, women, and children, monks, nuns, and priests were destroyed by fire and sword, crucified, and shot with arrows. The heads of prisoners were cut off: during the excavations of the Spassky Cathedral, A.V. Selivanov discovered clusters of 27 and 70 skulls, some with traces of blows from sharp weapons.
In the mass graves of Ryazan, the dead were buried without coffins, in common pits up to 1 m deep, and the frozen ground was heated with bonfires. They were laid according to Christian custom – head to the west, with hands folded on the chest. The skeletons lie in rows, close to each other, in places in two or three tiers."
In your opinion, can one confidently judge the nature of the relationship between the Horde and the Russian principalities based on the data provided?
Added 6 minutes later
In Ancient Athens, several thousand shards with names were found, confirming the custom of ostracism. In your opinion, did the people in Ancient Athens have the right to vote, or was there another form of government?
Added 7 minutes later
In Mohenjo-daro (Harappan civilization, 3300-1300 BC), perhaps the first public toilets known to archaeologists were discovered, as well as a city sewage system, and also a citadel and lower city, monumental construction, bronze metallurgy, small sculptures, and irrigation agriculture.
In your opinion, was there a division of labor and a division into classes in the Harappan civilization? Was trade developed?
"Our expedition conducted systematic excavations of mass graves of victims of the Mongol invasion in 1977–1979 in the lowlands near the Oka River and near the former Sterligov estate house on the southern outskirts of the village of Fatyanovka.
The study of anthropological materials showed that out of 143 excavated burials, most belonged to men aged 30 to 40 and women aged 30 to 35. There were many children's burials, from infants to 6–10 years old. These were the inhabitants of Ryazan, whom the conquerors exterminated en masse, many of them after the city was captured. The young men, girls, and young women who survived were probably divided among the soldiers. The skeleton of a pregnant woman was found; a man killed her while holding a small child close to his chest. Some of the skeletons have fractured skulls, and the bones show traces of saber blows, with severed wrists. There were many separate skulls. Arrowheads were stuck in the bones. The inhabitants of cities that offered stubborn resistance faced cruel retribution. With the exception of artisans and those enslaved, the rest of the prisoners were hacked to death with an ax or a double-edged cleaver. Mass executions were carried out methodically and coldly: the condemned were divided among the centurions, who in turn assigned each slave to kill at least ten people. According to the chronicles, after the fall of Ryazan, men, women, and children, monks, nuns, and priests were destroyed by fire and sword, crucified, and shot with arrows. The heads of prisoners were cut off: during the excavations of the Spassky Cathedral, A.V. Selivanov discovered clusters of 27 and 70 skulls, some with traces of blows from sharp weapons.
In the mass graves of Ryazan, the dead were buried without coffins, in common pits up to 1 m deep, and the frozen ground was heated with bonfires. They were laid according to Christian custom – head to the west, with hands folded on the chest. The skeletons lie in rows, close to each other, in places in two or three tiers."
In your opinion, can one confidently judge the nature of the relationship between the Horde and the Russian principalities based on the data provided?
Added 6 minutes later
In Ancient Athens, several thousand shards with names were found, confirming the custom of ostracism. In your opinion, did the people in Ancient Athens have the right to vote, or was there another form of government?
Added 7 minutes later
In Mohenjo-daro (Harappan civilization, 3300-1300 BC), perhaps the first public toilets known to archaeologists were discovered, as well as a city sewage system, and also a citadel and lower city, monumental construction, bronze metallurgy, small sculptures, and irrigation agriculture.
In your opinion, was there a division of labor and a division into classes in the Harappan civilization? Was trade developed?
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