Will I be required to enter a code?
I have the collector's edition, which includes extra heroes and other content. Or are these codes simply linked to the account?
They are linked to the account.
So, can I log in with my account on any other computer where Heroes 6 is installed, and will all the extra content that is only available to me appear?
It should appear. Although I can't guarantee it 100%, as someone recently posted on one of the Heroes forums that they are having a problem with synchronizing saves between their home and work computers.