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I solved the problem. If anyone has a similar issue, try reinstalling the game from an SSD to a hard drive, or from the primary drive to a secondary drive (e.g., drive D: and the game folder). Also, try different images; in my case, an image from an older Windows version worked, while downloaded images from the internet didn't.
I don't know how changing the drive helped, but if you have corrupted maps, you can't delete them using the regular file explorer; you need a proper editor to do that.
And before starting the final installation, use a program like Revo Uninstaller to clean the registry, and then perform a full installation (i.e., install the game using the program, then uninstall and clean it), and install it in a clean location.