- A reference guide and manual in Russian for Heroes 3.

1. Do artifacts (various bows, bowstrings, etc.) affect the ballista?

These artifacts do not affect the ballista, but rather the secondary skill Archery. So, if it doesn't have Archery, the artifacts are useless. Well, almost useless, because together they give the Sniper Bow, which, although it doesn't increase damage without the Archery skill, still removes the range penalty.

2. Does the "Archery" skill affect the ballista?
3. Does the "Attack" skill affect the ballista?

The "Attack" skill does not affect archers at all; they have an equivalent – the secondary skill Archery. "Attack" and "Archery" are mutually exclusive skills.

The base damage dealt by the ballista is calculated using the following formula:

D(bas) = {2...3}*(Att+1), where Att is the hero's primary attack skill.
With an advanced blessing, the base damage will be D(bas) = 3*(Att+1)
With an expert blessing, the base damage will be D(bas) = 3*(Att+1)+1

The actual damage depends on the difference between the ballista's total attack and the target's total defense, the presence of the Artillery secondary skill, and the presence of artifacts that increase shooting accuracy.

4. What magic affects the ballista? Or, if it's easier, what magic does not affect the ballista?

The ballista is immune to the following skills:
Own:
Bloodlust
Sacrifice
Frenzy
Joy
Clone
Teleport

Other:
Explosion
Hypnosis
Sadness
Blindness
Berserk
Forgetfulness

5. Am I correct in understanding that the "luck" skill affects the ballista? And it has no morale, but it does have luck?

Yes, it has no morale, but it does have luck.

6. What is the REAL probability of Toros receiving the "Artillery" skill? I would like to ask you to answer this question based on experience, and not on tables of probabilities for the appearance of secondary skills in different classes of heroes...

The real probability is equal to the probability indicated by the developers – for the alchemist, it is 4%.
There are no other criteria besides the hero class for the probability of a secondary skill appearing.